|
|
| (25 intermediate revisions by one user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | = Mycoremediation = | + | {|class="sortable wikitable" |
| − | Mycoremediation is a process of using fungi to degrade or detoxify contaminants in the environment.
| + | |+ Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2000s (U.S.) |
| − | | + | |-class="unsortable" |
| − | | + | ! scope="col" |Year |
| − | *Materials for Fungal Biodegradation and Biodeterioration
| + | ! scope="col" |# |
| − | | + | ! scope="col" |Reached number one |
| − | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px
| + | ! scope="col" |Artist(s) |
| | + | ! scope="col" |Single |
| | + | ! scope="col" |Record label |
| | + | ! scope="col" |Weeks at<br />number one |
| | + | ! scope="col" |Ref |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Wood || Plastics || Library materials | + | | rowspan="3" |[[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2000 (U.S.)|2000]] |
| | + | | 851 |
| | + | | January 15, 2000 |
| | + | | [[Christina Aguilera]] |
| | + | | "[[What a Girl Wants (song)|What a Girl Wants]]" |
| | + | |align="center"| [[RCA]] |
| | + | |align="center"| 2 |
| | + | | [ref] |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |Wooden artifacts || Wool || Wall paintings | + | | 852 |
| | + | | January 29, 2000 |
| | + | | [[Savage Garden]] |
| | + | | "[[I Knew I Loved You]]" |
| | + | |align="center"| [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] |
| | + | |align="center"| 4 |
| | + | | [ref] |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |Stored paper || Wrapping papers || Electroinsulating materials | + | | 853 |
| | + | | February 19, 2000 |
| | + | | [[Mariah Carey]] & [[Joe (singer)|Joe]] & [[98 Degrees]] |
| | + | | "[[Thank God I Found You]]" |
| | + | |align="center"| [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] |
| | + | |align="center"| 1 |
| | + | | [ref] |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |Textiles || Glass surfaces || Coal | + | | rowspan="3" |[[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2001 (U.S.)|2001]] |
| | + | | 868 |
| | + | | February 3, 2001 |
| | + | | [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]] & [[Rikrok|Ricardo 'Rikrok' Ducent]] |
| | + | | "[[It Wasn't Me]]" |
| | + | |align="center"| [[MCA Records|MCA]] |
| | + | |align="center"| 2 |
| | + | | [ref] |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |Leather || Concrete || Ground waste rubber materials | + | | 869 |
| | + | | February 17, 2001 |
| | + | | [[Outkast]] |
| | + | | "[[Ms. Jackson]]" |
| | + | |align="center"| [[Arista Records|Arista]] |
| | + | |align="center"| 1 |
| | + | | [ref] |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | 870 |
| | + | | February 24, 2001 |
| | + | | [[Joe (singer)|Joe]] & [[Mystikal]] |
| | + | | "[[Stutter]]" |
| | + | |align="center"| [[Jive Records|Jive]] |
| | + | |align="center"| 4 |
| | + | | [ref] |
| | |} | | |} |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{#switchtablink:Second section header|Click here to go to the next tab...}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | = habitats of fungi =
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[File:Fungi fig.jpg|none|thumb|800px|'''Typical habitats of terrestrial and aquatic fungi, and some of their ecological features.'''
| |
| − |
| |
| − | From the following article:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Untapped potential: exploiting fungi in bioremediation of hazardous chemicals
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Hauke Harms, Dietmar Schlosser & Lukas Y. Wick
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, 177-192 (March 2011)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | doi:10.1038/nrmicro2519
| |
| − | ]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | = Polutions in environment=
| |
| − | [[File:Polution.png|none|thumb|650px|Polutions in environment]]
| |
| − | ==Ligninolytic fungi ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | PAHs , benzene/toluene/ethyl benzene/xylene (BTEX) ,synthetic substituted aromatics
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Dioxins ]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Polychlorinated biphenyls ]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Cholorophenols ]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == KUC fungi ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Anthracene]]
| |
| − | *[[Phenanthrene]]
| |
| − | *[[Fluoranthene]]
| |
| − | *[[Pyrene]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[File:Organic chemicals.jpg|none|thumb|650px|
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | From the following article:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Untapped potential: exploiting fungi in bioremediation of hazardous chemicals
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Hauke Harms, Dietmar Schlosser & Lukas Y. Wick
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, 177-192 (March 2011)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | doi:10.1038/nrmicro2519
| |
| − | ]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | = Enzymes for mycormediation =
| |
| − | __NOTOC__
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) ==
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism: O2-dependent one-electron oxidation of organic compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential of around 0.4–0.8 V
| |
| − | ::• Direct oxidation of various phenols, aromatic amines and anthraquinone dyes
| |
| − | ::• A wide range of pollutants oxidized in the presence of natural and synthetic redox mediators
| |
| − | ::• Activity mostly in the acidic and rarely in the neutral or alkaline pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Laccase | Laccase]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1) ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycotina
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Sometimes extracellular but mainly intracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• O2-dependent hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols (cresolase activity)
| |
| − | ::• Oxidation of o-diphenols to catechols (catecholase activity)
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Oxidation of various phenols, including those that are highly chlorinated
| |
| − | ::• Activity from the acidic to the alkaline pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Lignin peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.14) ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent one-electron oxidation of aromatic compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential of 1.4–1.5 V
| |
| − | ::• Direct oxidation of various aromatics with high redox potentials, but rapid inactivation during oxidation of phenols
| |
| − | ::• Direct oxidation of PAHs with an ionization potential of ≤7.55 eV
| |
| − | ::• Extended substrate range (including dyes with high redox potentials and phenols) in the presence of the redox mediator veratryl alcohol
| |
| − | ::• Activity in the acidic pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Lignin peroxidase |Lignin peroxidase (LiP)]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Manganese peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13) ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent one-electron oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+, which subsequently oxidizes organic compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential of 1.0–1.2 V
| |
| − | ::• Mn3+-mediated oxidation of various phenols and aromatic amines
| |
| − | ::• Extended substrate range in the presence of co-oxidants (organic SH-containing compounds, unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives)
| |
| − | ::• Activity in the acidic pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − | *[[Manganese peroxidase | Manganese peroxidase (MnP)]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Versatile peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.16)==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa :Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence:Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent direct one-electron oxidation of aromatic compounds
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent one-electron oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+, which subsequently oxidizes organic compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential of around 1.4–1.5 V
| |
| − | ::• Direct oxidation of phenols and aromatics with high redox potentials, including dyes
| |
| − | ::• Mn3+-dependent reactions as for manganese peroxidase
| |
| − | ::• Activity in the acidic pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Coprinopsis cinerea peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7)==
| |
| − | Fungal taxa :Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence:Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent one-electron oxidation of aromatic compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential of around 0.9–1.1 V
| |
| − | ::• Direct oxidation of phenols and dyes with low redox potentials
| |
| − | ::• Activity from the acidic to the alkaline pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.x) ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa :Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent one-electron oxidation of organic compounds
| |
| − | ::• Additional hydrolysing activity
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential of around 1.2–1.5 V
| |
| − | ::• Oxidation of anthraquinone dyes with high redox potentials (only rarely oxidized by other peroxidases)
| |
| − | ::• Highly stable at high pressure, high temperature and very low pH
| |
| − | ::• Activity in the acidic pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Caldariomyces fumago haem–thiolate chloroperoxidase (EC 1.11.1.10)==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa :Ascomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence:Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent halogenation of organic compounds in the presence of halides (one-electron transfer)
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent one-electron oxidations of phenols and anilines in the absence of halides
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent peroxygenation (two-electron oxidation), leading to epoxidation of (cyclo)alkenes, hydroxylation of benzylic carbon and sulphoxidation of S-containing organic compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential not known
| |
| − | ::• No activity on non-substituted aromatic rings and n-alkanes
| |
| − | ::• Activity in the acidic pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Haem–thiolate peroxygenases ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Extracellular
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent peroxygenation of aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic compounds, leading to aromatic and alkylic carbon hydroxylation, double-bond epoxidation, ether cleavage, sulphoxidation or N-oxidation reactions (depending on the substrate);
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent one-electron abstractions from phenols;
| |
| − | ::• H2O2-dependent bromination of organic substrates
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Redox potential not known
| |
| − | ::• Peroxygenation of various monoaromatic to polyaromatic pollutants, including PAHs, dibenzofuran, and monohydroxylated and polyhydroxylated products
| |
| − | ::• Ether bond cleavage between aromatic and aliphatic parts of molecules and in alicyclic and aliphatic ethers (for example, MTBE)
| |
| − | ::• Activity from the acidic to the alkaline pH range
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycotina and Chytridiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Cell bound
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Incorporation of a single atom from O2 into a substrate molecule, with concomitant reduction of the other atom to H2O
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Epoxidation and hydroxylation of aromatic or aliphatic structures of many pollutants, including PAHs, PCDDs, alkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Phenol 2-monooxygenases (EC 1.14.13.7) ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Cell bound
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• Incorporation of a single atom from O2 into a substrate molecule, with concomitant reduction of the other atom to H2O
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Ortho-hydroxlyation of various (halo)phenols to the corresponding catechols
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Nitroreductases ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and Mucoromycotina
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Cell bound
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of nitroaromatics to hydroxylamino and amino(nitro) compounds, and of nitro functional groups of N-containing heterocycles
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Reduction of TNT to hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene and amino-dinitrotoluenes
| |
| − | ::• Formation of mononitroso derivatives and ring cleavage products from cyclic nitramine explosives
| |
| − | ::• Widespread among fungi
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Quinone reductases ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa :Basidiomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Cell bound
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of quinones
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Functions in quinone detoxification, in the conversion of quinones arising from extracellular pollutant oxidation into substrates for extracellular and intracellular oxidoreductases, and in pollutant attack by hydroxyl radicals arising from quinone redox cycling
| |
| − | ::• Occurrence in white-rot and brown-rot basidiomycetes
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Reductive dehalogenases ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Basidiomycota and perhaps Ascomycota
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence: Cell bound
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• Two-component system comprising a membrane-bound glutathione S-transferase that produces glutathionyl conjugates with concomitant chlorine removal, and a soluble glutathione conjugate reductase that releases reductively dechlorinated compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Reductive dechlorination of chlorohydroquinones arising from chlorophenol degradation and of diphenyl ether herbicides (basiodiomycetes)
| |
| − | ::• Perhaps responsible for reductive dechlorination of chlorocatechols arising from PCDD degradation (ascomycetes)
| |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Miscellaneous transferases ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Fungal taxa : Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycotina
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Localization and occurrence:Cell bound
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Reaction mechanism:
| |
| − | ::• Formation of glucoside, glucuronide, xyloside, sulphate or methyl conjugates from hydroxylated compounds
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ::• Phase II enzymes are prominent in fungal PAH metabolism but also act on other pollutants
| |
| − | ::• Widespread among fungi
| |
| − |
| |
| − | =Reference =
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Untapped potential: exploiting fungi in bioremediation of hazardous chemicals
| |
| − | Hauke Harms, Dietmar Schlosser & Lukas Y. Wick
| |
| − | Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, 177-192 (March 2011)
| |
| − | doi:10.1038/nrmicro2519
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <headertabs/>
| |